The purpose of this article was to study how the dimensions of the Ashura Movement represented in tv. The analysis unit, items and statistical population, included all programs that were broadcast in from channels 1, 2, 3, 4, Amoozesh, Ofogh, Shoma and Jam–e Jam of IRIB in the first 13 days of Muharram in 2019. The sample size was equal to the statistical population of the research and all were talk show and mixed program regarding to the purpose of the research. The results showed that more than half of the studied programs (52.4%) were related to the cognitive aspects and 38.4% were related to the emotional aspects of Imam Hussein Movement. Almost 10% of the their times included common items (e.g. Greetings, introducing program and expert, ways to communicate with the program, etc.). The characteristics and abilities of Imam Hussein to save man and society and the expression of moral characteristics of his family and companions were discussed 28.3% of the time. Only 4.5 percent of the expert items were associated to the causes of Imam Hussein's uprising, and this issue as an independent issue was not much considered in the programs. The historical background of the uprising in almost 15% and the events related to the Movement in almost one-fifth (18.5%) of the time of programs were discussed. The Reasons and goals of the uprising of imam hosein and to critique the conflicting views in this regard, which is the basis of the epistemological dimensions related to the Ashura Movement, must be discussed in the future.

Ashura uprising is one of the most influential and everlasting events from which many fundamental developments have originated. Not only its dimensions and Consequences have not been neglected in the course of time, but rather of which there have been left many permanent effects, and it has assumed more extensive dimensions and turned into a model of self-sacrifice in struggles made to attain people's rights and Divine goals. One of the eminent examples is the Lebanon Hezbollah Movement which, following lessons of the Husayn uprising, proved efficiency of the model of Husayn resistance after 14 centuries in the best way possible, and inspired many struggling groups in various societies.In the present article, while studying the most important Consequences of Husayn Movement, the author tries to comparatively reread its messages in Hezbollah Movement so that efficiency of Husayn model to attain rights may be emphasized as compared to the contemporary models.

During the recent decades with increasing the use of assisted reproductive techniques including IVF, IUI and ovulation induction, the rate of multiple pregnancies has been increased worldwide. More than 30% of ART pregnancies are twins or higher-order multiple gestations (triplets or greater) a frequency 15- to 20-fold greater than with spontaneous conceptions. Because of the high cost of treatment and the relatively low success rate of such treatments (which is improving every day), a decision is sometimes made to implant several fertilized eggs.Many studies indicate that multiple pregnancies have negative impact on families’ emotional wellbeing and are associated with social and financial burden on couples.From 1980s, multifetal pregnancy reduction has been introduced as an efficacious method to reduce fetal number and improve the survival of remaining fetuses.Since most of the fetal loss subsequent to embryo reduction occurs several weeks after the procedure, an inflammatory response to dead fetoplacental tissue with releasing of cytokines and stimulation of prostaglandins might leads to fetal loss, uterine contractions and preterm labour.In a large multicentre study, improved outcomes were observed by multifetal pregnancy reduction done by expert hands in terms of fetal loss and early prematurity.The most important complication of high order multifetal pregnancies (more than two) is preterm delivery ranging from 32% to 86% in different studies. In a recent study in Royan Institute report that fetal reduction of triplets to twins leads to 4% increase in miscarriage rate and couldn’t be demonstrated any correlation with the initial number of fetuses and other outcomes such as preterm birth, gestational age at delivery and birth weight of neonates. In this study the extreme prematurity was more common in non reduced group compared to reduced group. As a consequence, the mean gestational age at delivery for reduced group was significantly higher than expectantly managed group and the average gestational length was 4 weeks longer in the reduced group. Furthermore, in the current study, the mean birth weights of neonates were higher in the reduced group than control group and the percentage of low birth weight infants (<2500 g) was significantly higher in the expectantly managed group. As prematurity is the most important cause of neonatal and perinatal deaths and subsequent handicap infants, prolongation of gestational age at delivery due to fetal reduction could less the rate of deaths and handicap among survivors. But as ultrasound equipment improved and doctors gained technical expertise, the procedure triggered fewer miscarriages.Genetic diagnosis before reduction is becoming more common, safe in experienced hands.The ultimate goal in prevention is to significantly reduce the likelihood that any multifetal pregnancy will occur, including twins.Reduction is hardly the only area in which reproductive innovation has outpaced cultural consensus.The justification for eliminating some fetuses in a multiple pregnancy was always to increase a woman’s chance of bringing home a healthy baby, because medical risks rise with every fetus she carries. Not only does the danger to the mother increase with more fetuses, but also the risk of miscarriage, ending the lives of all of the fetuses increases. Ultimate decision of patients depends on: extent of their religious and antiabortion sentiments, whether they medical-scientific careers, how proactive the advice from physicians has been.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Background and objectives: Ashura poetry has always been the strongest branch of religious poetry in different eras. Despite the fact that the issue of Ashura is suitable for design in various fields and subjects, often in this type of Persian poetry withMatmazdeh looks at repetitive and monotonous concepts, which have been influenced by various factors, including social and political conditions. In the last century, many changes have taken place in Persian poetry, although Ashura poetry in the early decadesAnd especially in the first Pahlavi period, it was not accompanied by these changes, but gradually and cautiously, it experienced unprecedented changes. This study, while examining the content and type of attitude of poets towards Ashura themes in the three periods of the first Pahlavi, the second Pahlavi and after the Islamic Revolution, to the why and how of these developmentsWith the focus on the Movement of Ashura poetry, it has turned from elegy to epic. METHODOLOGY: This research has been done by content analysis method and using library method in collecting information. FINDINGS: The study and evaluation of contemporary Ashura poems shows that Ashura poetry in the first Pahlavi period was completely mourning and with a mournful look and with limited and repetitive topics. In the second Pahlavi period, while preserving the previous themes, it moves towards change in some cases, but after the revolution, Ashura poetry encounters completely new horizons and distances itself from the repetition of the past, and with an epic and authoritarian look at Extensive Ashura topics are covered CONCLUSION: The result of this study shows that the desire to move from mourning to epic in Ashura poetry, from the forties and simultaneously with the emergence of the discourse of resistance and struggle and the spread of religious modernism, the beginning and after the Islamic Revolution to Especially with the start of the imposed war has reached its peak.

Realistic understanding of political and social developments and the discovery and extraction of hidden messages and lessons in ambient Movements, requires attitudes and historical insights as the explanation of Movement and the main core of the insurrection.Ashura Movement also is as a transform uprising in historical context based on Emam Hussein' thoughts and analytical system and uprising of creation and genesis of orientated, belief in causality of events.Recognition of the role of human will and authority in making changes and religious responsibility, alongside events and perception of integrated incorporation to identify and define power as a part of the right and historic comprehension indicate human presence in the universe.Indeed the most subjective consideration about Emam Hossein Movement, is that not only it is a sectional cause and even ethical Movement but (of course) it has is deep understanding of people who are aware of historic existence in the universe for future.Therefore the statement that the Movement of Emam is a transaction requires, necessity of reflection in philosophy and history from the view point of Islam. This moving Movement is a also dynamic historic Movement with religious nature whose real position and historical standing is less understandable regardless of historical universal aspect and look at the social dynamics or historical sociology.Therefore, to perceive the above objectives in the framework of the study or historical-political Movements contexts and historical events is possible from era of Prophet to Emam Hossein. The man question to be answered in this article is: Why this incident was occurred and how that occurred? First question for this research is essential that will be analyzed with more emphasis in frame work of historical studies.

The occurrence of any social phenomenon and historical event is due to some Reasons that paved the way for its appearance. The same event could result in the occurrence of another chain of events and incidents too. The more important the event, the more extensive the waves it raises. Like any other social phenomena, the heart-rending event of Ashura was caused by some Reasons, and its roots must be sought in the deviations after the decease of the Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H). The event has appeared to have some profound and valuable effects, not only evident in the history of Islam but also the world. The dynamism of the Movement of Ashura depends on maintaining its philosophy alive and transmitting its message to the future generations. In order to preserve the valuable effects of Ashura, it is necessary to keep the memorial ceremony of Moharram alive and to hold a purposeful wisely-organized mourning ritual. This article aims at surveying the causes of Ashura Movement as well as some of its Consequences. Ultimately, the issue of mourning (for Imam Hussein) is explained from the viewpoint of Allamah Sharafuddin.

During the history of India, there had been relations between Indians and Muslims. With the foundation of independent rulerships in the east of Iran during the 3rd and 4th Islamic centuries, the form of Muslim Arab commanders’ direct attacks on the Indian lands changed into non-Arab warrior emirs’ conquests ( against the infidels). Arising of Ghaznavids in the east of the Islamic lands and the thought of conquering India by Sultan Mahmud was the beginning of this trend. Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi launched sixteen or seventeen attacks on the wealthy country of India. Of course, these attacks were started by Sabuktiginand reached their peak during the time of Sultan Mahmud and were continued by his successors severely. The Reasons for these military expeditions can be dealt with from three different but related aspects:Firstly, India was a rich and wealthy country in which Ghaznavids’ wars (against infidels) meant access to a lot of wealth which could be a powerful support for the survival of the Ghaznavid army-based government. Secondly, one of the main Reasons could be religion; that is, the invasions were launched for the sake of spreading the religion of Islam through which they wanted to gain legitimacy. Thirdly, there was a problem resulted from the presence of the army in the center of the government.The present research deals with the Reasons and Consequences of Ghaznavids’ invasion and conquest of India which continued throughout the Ghaznavid dynasty. The first attack was launched from the north of India, and the way Ghaznavid sencountered and governed the Indian conquered lands was different from that of other conquerors.

The western civilization is based on the epistemological and intellectual developments in secularism, humanism and liberalism as well as the use of scientific methods of acquiring knowledge. It has persisted through the establishment of relevant social structures and institutions as the dominant civilization. Based on its worldview and its definition of the 'perfect human being' consistent with its worldview, the western civilization has succeeded to establish an efficient social system which can be considered the outcome of the social order resulted from that consistency. Due to this success, some other societies with completely different ontological assumptions, especially through university education, willingly or unwillingly have taken the same route, yet they are facing the problem of underdevelopment based on western standards and indicators of course. In some cases they have encountered social disorders which have probably been caused by the inconsistency between the social structures and the philosophical principles of those societies. Without being intended to criticize the principles of western civilization, the present article is aimed at investigating the degree of students' belief in liberalism compared with Islamic beliefs. The results, based on a survey of 1470 students from the top five universities in Tehran, show that 5.9% of the respondents at an extremely large extent, 15.5% at a very large extent, 25.4% at a large extent, 22.1% at a small extent, 20.9% at a very small extent and 10.2% at an extremely small extent believe in liberalism. The degree of belief in liberalism on average is 3.2 out of 6 with the standard deviation of 1.48 which is between a small extent and a large extent. The results also reveal that the higher the degree of belief in liberalism the less is the belief in work ethics, commitment towards the revolution, social commitment, social trust, and the preference of Islamic identity to national identity. On the other hand, the level of individualism, utilitarianism and the preference of national identity to Islamic identity is at a higher level among the participants. Also an increase in the degree of belief in liberalism correlates with a decrease in scientific success, scientific efficiency, socialization for other roles, creativity, human development, and finally scientific development index. All the results of the analysis of data collected from the sample are statistically significant and can be generalized to the whole population.

The 10th century AH was very important for Muslim lands, including Yemen in the era of Taherian (858-945 AH), because during this time, Portugal as a colonist country, in order to have access to new maritime routes, to seize Muslim commercial centers, as well as monopoly of Indian medicine trade, was moving eastward, into Yemen. At the same time, the Ottoman Empire, which was one somehow the flagship of Islam in the world, entered Yemen to save the Muslim cities and islands of India, and regarding the important commercial and strategic position of this land, dominated it in 945 AH. The present study, using a descriptive-analytical method and referring to Arabic and Turkish resources and manuscripts, seeks to answer the question: "What were the Reasons for the Ottomans to attack Yemen and what were the Consequences and results of the attack?" The results of the study indicate that the Ottomans treacherously entered Yemen in order to destroy the Portuguese, as well as to secure the Islamic city of Mecca and Medina, with the deception and murder of the Muslim Sultan of Yemen, which resulted in Consequences such as creating many problems for the Ottomans and also lack of public trust in them.

In this article, the researcher, first, considers the principles and factors of the formation of "Ashura Movement" and then surveys the impact of this Movement on the Islamic Revolution of Iran.Based on the holy sayings of Imam Hossein (P.) which were effective in Imam Khomeini Movement, the modern Arabic poets talked about the emergence, formation, and victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. Imam Khomeini (R.) could make the people well familiar with the present situations and conditions of the Iranian community.Based on Imam Hossein (P.) Ashura Movement, he led the Islamic Revolution quite well and caused the Revolution to be victorious.